1. Introduction
Diabetes is a chronic, non-communicable disease (NCD) that has become a major public health concern worldwide, including in Kenya. It is characterized by high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia) due to insufficient insulin production or ineffective use of insulin by the body.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), diabetes is responsible for over 1.5 million deaths annually, with many more affected by its complications, such as heart disease, kidney failure, blindness, and nerve damage. In Kenya, about 3.3% of the adult population has diabetes, but many cases go undiagnosed due to limited awareness and healthcare access.
This lecture explores the different types of diabetes, risk factors, symptoms, complications, and lifestyle management strategies to help prevent and control the disease.
2. What is Diabetes?
Diabetes occurs when the body fails to regulate blood sugar (glucose) levels properly. Glucose is essential for energy, but when it accumulates in the bloodstream instead of being used by the cells, it can lead to serious health complications.
The hormone insulin, produced by the pancreas, plays a crucial role in regulating glucose levels. When insulin is insufficient or ineffective, blood sugar remains high, leading to diabetes.
3. Types of Diabetes
3.1 Type 1 Diabetes
- Also known as insulin-dependent diabetes or juvenile diabetes.
- An autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.
- Usually diagnosed in children and young adults.
Causes:
- Genetic predisposition
- Autoimmune reaction
- Viral infections that trigger immune system attacks
Symptoms:
- Extreme thirst and frequent urination
- Unexplained weight loss
- Fatigue and weakness
- Blurred vision
Management:
- Daily insulin injections or use of an insulin pump
- Healthy diet and exercise
- Regular blood sugar monitoring
3.2 Type 2 Diabetes (Most Common Form)
- Accounts for over 90% of diabetes cases worldwide.
- Develops gradually due to insulin resistance, where the body no longer responds effectively to insulin.
- Linked to obesity, poor diet, and sedentary lifestyle.
Causes & Risk Factors:
- Unhealthy lifestyle (high sugar/fat diet, lack of exercise)
- Obesity and being overweight
- Genetics and family history
- Older age (risk increases after 45)
Symptoms:
- Increased thirst and frequent urination
- Fatigue and slow wound healing
- Frequent infections
- Numbness or tingling in hands and feet
Management:
- Diet and exercise (weight loss improves insulin sensitivity)
- Oral medication (e.g., Metformin)
- Insulin therapy in severe cases
- Regular blood sugar checks
3.3 Gestational Diabetes
- Occurs during pregnancy due to hormonal changes affecting insulin function.
- Can increase the risk of complications for both mother and baby.
- Usually resolves after childbirth, but increases the mother’s risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life.
Risk Factors:
- Being overweight during pregnancy
- Family history of diabetes
- Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
- Age above 25
Management:
- Healthy diet and physical activity
- Blood sugar monitoring
- Insulin therapy if needed
4. Risk Factors for Diabetes
4.1 Modifiable Risk Factors (Can Be Controlled)
- Unhealthy diet (high sugar, high fat, processed foods)
- Physical inactivity
- Obesity
- Smoking and alcohol consumption
4.2 Non-Modifiable Risk Factors (Cannot Be Changed)
- Genetics – Family history of diabetes increases risk.
- Age – Risk increases with age, especially after 45.
- Ethnicity – Certain populations (e.g., Africans, Asians) have higher susceptibility.
5. Symptoms of Diabetes
Common Symptoms in All Types of Diabetes:
- Excessive thirst (polydipsia)
- Frequent urination (polyuria)
- Unexplained weight loss
- Fatigue and weakness
- Blurred vision
- Slow-healing wounds
- Tingling or numbness in hands/feet (neuropathy)
6. Complications of Diabetes
6.1 Short-Term Complications
- Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) – Life-threatening condition where lack of insulin leads to acid buildup in the blood.
- Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar) – Can cause fatigue, headaches, and dehydration.
- Hypoglycemia (Low Blood Sugar) – Can lead to shaking, sweating, dizziness, and unconsciousness.
6.2 Long-Term Complications
- Cardiovascular diseases – High blood sugar damages blood vessels, increasing heart attack/stroke risk.
- Kidney failure (Diabetic Nephropathy) – Diabetes is a leading cause of chronic kidney disease.
- Blindness (Diabetic Retinopathy) – High sugar levels damage the retina, causing vision loss.
- Amputations – Nerve damage and poor circulation increase risk of infections and foot ulcers.
7. Lifestyle Management of Diabetes
7.1 Healthy Eating Habits
- Increase fiber intake – Whole grains, vegetables, and legumes help control blood sugar.
- Choose healthy proteins – Fish, chicken, nuts, and beans.
- Limit processed foods and sugary drinks – Reduce intake of soda, sweets, and junk food.
- Control portion sizes – Avoid overeating.
7.2 Regular Physical Activity
- At least 150 minutes of moderate exercise per week (walking, jogging, cycling).
- Strength training (helps improve insulin sensitivity).
7.3 Weight Management
- Losing 5-10% of body weight can significantly improve blood sugar control.
7.4 Regular Blood Sugar Monitoring
- Helps track blood sugar levels and adjust diet/medication accordingly.
7.5 Medication and Insulin Therapy
- Oral medications like Metformin help control Type 2 diabetes.
- Insulin injections are necessary for Type 1 and advanced Type 2 cases.
8. Diabetes Prevention Strategies
- Maintain a healthy diet with balanced nutrients.
- Engage in regular physical activity to maintain healthy weight.
- Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.
- Get regular medical checkups, especially if at high risk.
End of Lecture Quiz
-
Which type of diabetes is an autoimmune condition?
A) Type 1 ✅
B) Type 2
C) Gestational
D) Pre-diabetes -
Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for diabetes?
A) Family history
B) Age
C) Unhealthy diet ✅
D) Ethnicity -
Which complication of diabetes affects the kidneys?
A) Retinopathy
B) Neuropathy
C) Nephropathy ✅
D) Cardiomyopathy
Further Reading & Resources
- World Health Organization (WHO) – Diabetes Overview: https://www.who.int/diabetes
- International Diabetes Federation (IDF): https://www.idf.org
- Kenya Diabetes Management & Information Centre: https://www.dmi.or.ke
Key Takeaways
- Diabetes is a growing public health issue in Kenya and worldwide.
- Type 2 diabetes is the most common and is preventable through lifestyle changes.
- Early detection and proper management can prevent complications.
- Healthy eating, exercise, and medication adherence are key to diabetes control.
